Nanocelluloses: Sources, Pretreatment, Isolations, Modification, and Its Application as the Drug Carriers

The ‘Back-to-nature’ concept has currently been adopted intensively in various industries, especially the pharmaceutical industry. In past few decades, overuse of synthetic chemicals caused severe damage to environment and ecosystem. One class natural materials developed substitute artificial industries is polymers, including cellulose its derivatives. development nanocelluloses as nanocarriers drug delivery systems reached an advanced stage. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF), nanocrystal (NCC), bacterial nanocellulose (BC) are most common used systems. Modification functionalization using processes have carried out increase adsorption performance nanocellulose. Nanocellulose may be attached by physical interaction or chemical for covalent binding. Current nanocarrier formulations such surfactant nanocellulose, ultra-lightweight porous materials, hydrogel, polyelectrolytes, inorganic hybridizations enable construction stimuli-responsive specific recognition characteristics. Thus, opportunity emerged develop a new generation nanocellulose-based carriers that can modulate conveyance diverse This review provides insights into selecting appropriate hybrid available modification routes achieve satisfactory carrier briefly discusses essential criteria high-quality